Abstract
Hyperhomocysteinemia and Smoking in Primary Antiphospholipid SyndromeThe thrombotic tendency in antiphospholipid syndrome (APS) shares several pathways with atherosclerosis. Atherothrombosis (atherosclerosis superimposed with thromboses) is influenced by nonmodifiable and some modifiable risk factors (smoking, obesity, physical inactivity, alcohol abuse, hyperhomocysteinemia). Therefore, we investigated the association among clinical and serological features of patients with primary APS and potentially modifiable risk factors for the development of atherothrombosis. Also, we compared the analyzed parameters with those in control subjects. Homocysteine concentrations were detected by HPLC (high performance liquid chromatography), while antiphospholipid antibodies were detected by ELISA. Smokers had elevated levels of homocysteine (χ2= 6.22, p < 0.05). Independently of patients' age, the association between increased levels of homocysteine and history of myocardial infarctions was found (χ2= 4.61, p < 0.05). Hyperhomocysteinemia and smoking are the most important modifiable risk factors for atherothrombosis in primary APS.
Highlights
The thrombotic tendency in antiphospholipid syndrome (APS) shares several pathways with atherosclerosis [1]
Atherothrombosis is influenced by nonmodifiable and some modifiable risk factors
Homocysteine concentrations were detected by HPLC, while antiphospholipid antibodies were detected by ELISA
Summary
The thrombotic tendency in antiphospholipid syndrome (APS) shares several pathways with atherosclerosis [1]. The antiphospholipid syndrome is an acquired thrombotic disorder characterized by venous and arterial thromboses and/or spontaneous abortions and repeated detection of antiphospholipid antibodies. Antiphospholipid antibodies are the main serological finding in patients with antiphospholipid syndrome (APS), but patients with atherosclerosis have elevated levels of the above-mentioned antibodies [3]. Atherothrombosis (atherosclerosis superimposed by thrombosis) is influenced by nonmodifiable risk factors (age, gender, race/ethnicity, family history), well-documented modifiable risk factors (hypertension, diabetes, hiperlipidemia, smoking). Less well-documented or potentially modifiable risk factors are obesity (Body Mass Index, BMI ≥ 30), physical inactivity, alcohol abuse, hyperhomocysteinemia
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