Hypergene alterations of succinite and its vulnerability under various environmental conditions

Abstract

The article describes the alteration of succinite under conditions of hypergenesis as a result of oxidation, including a change in colour, contraction of the outer surface and the appearance of microcracks, changes in the construction of the outer framework of macromolecules and chemical composition and conditions of complete destruction. The main factors influencing the resistance of succinite under hypergene conditions are described— the influence of acid potential, air, light, fluctuations in temperature and humidity, geological affiliation to certain sediments. The problem of changing the quality of succinite is determined. It is shown that its destruction is associated with disturbed bedding conditions, changes in groundwater regime, as well as sea surf activity in the littoral (coastal) zone. Succinite that was found in stratigraphic sections not uncovered by erosion in the primary bedding, mostly retains its composition, properties, and structure formed in the past stages of plant resin fossilization. Placers of succinite that were formed as a result of erosion and re-deposition of primary Eocene–Oligocene placers are different due to the dimensions of succinite grains, their degree of grain rounding and overall presence of more resistant to weathering ones. The process of amber destruction is quite lengthy. Succinite, like other minerals more resistant to weathering, undergoes various stages of change in nature. An illustrative example of succinite destruction is succinite found during archaeological excavations. It was found that succinite is practically not preserved in deposits of loess and red carbonate formations. Due to its organic origin, amber ranks last in the group of placer-forming minerals and is characterized by the lowest constant hypergene resistance, which is determined by its low density (1.07) and minimum hardness (2.3). The conclusions and recommendations given in the article on the transformation and preservation of succinite that are brought to the surface are based on the analysis of extensive scientific literature, as well as many years of research on this gem in the Polissia and Dnieper region. Recommendations are given for long-term preservation of succinite under surface conditions, as well as museum samples, amber products in everyday life and during transportation.