Hyperemesis Gravidarum Presenting as Severe Hypokalemic Periodic Paralysis and Type II Respiratory Failure: A Different Form of Thyroid Storm?

Abstract

Hyperthyroidism in pregnancy is a condition that results from an excess of beta-human chorionic gonadotropin hormone resulting in gestational thyrotoxicosis. This thyrotoxicosis of pregnancy might be linked with hyperemesis gravidarum and is usually a self-limiting disease. Hyperthyroidism can cause hypokalemic periodic paralysis, which presents as pure motor areflexic flaccid paralysis. In severe cases, it may involve respiratory muscles and cause hypercapnic respiratory failure requiring invasive ventilation. A positive feed-forward cycle of hypokalemia could be triggered by the loss of function of inward rectifier potassium channel 18 (Kir2.6) along with the increased activity of sodium, potassium-adenosine triphosphatase (Na⁺/K⁺-ATPase). Hyperthyroid periodic paralysis is characterized by biochemical hyperthyroidism, normal urine potassium excretion, and electrocardiography abnormalities.We report a case of a 23-year-old female (G2P0L0A1) who had severe hyperemesis gravidarum and later on developed flaccid quadriplegia. Her thyroid profile revealed hyperthyroidism. She later developed hypercapnic respiratory failure and was managed by potassium replacement and invasive ventilation.