Hyperemesis Gravidarum–A Serious Issue during Pregnancy: In-Depth Clinical Review and Treatment Modalities

Abstract

Hyperemesis gravidarum [1] is the medical condition of extreme, persistent nausea and vomiting during pregnancy. It is a serious complication of pregnancy that is characterized by intractable nausea, vomiting and dehydration. It is estimated to affect 0.5–2.0% of pregnant women [2-4]. Malnutrition and other serious complications, such as fluid or electrolyte imbalances may also result from this issue. This serious condition, if left unchecked, can lead to dehydration, weight loss, and electrolyte imbalances. Hyperemesis gravidarum differs from Morning Sickness [5]. Morning sickness is characterized by nausea, with or without vomiting. Morning sickness is most common during the first trimester, sometimes beginning as early as two weeks after conception and affects up to 90% of women [6]. Often, morning sickness is the first indication to a woman that she is pregnant. The cause of this nausea and vomiting during pregnancy, which usually subsides after the first trimester, is believed to be related to the rapidly rising blood level of a hormone called Human Chorionic Gonadotropin (HCG). HCG is released by the placenta.