Abstract
BackgroundThis study investigated the therapeutic effects of hyperbaric oxygen in experimental acute distal colitis focusing on its effect on the production of pro-inflammatory cytokines, nitric oxide and hypoxia-inducible factor 1alpha.MethodsColitis was induced with a rectal infusion of 150 mg/kg of TNBS under anesthesia with Ketamine (50 mg/kg) and Xylazine (10 mg/kg). Control animals received only rectal saline. After colitis induction, animals were subjected to two sessions of hyperbaric oxygen and were then euthanized. The distal intestine was resected for macroscopic analysis, determination of myeloperoxidase activity, western-blotting analyses of inducible nitric oxide synthase and cyclooxygenase-2 expression and immunohistochemical analysis of hypoxia-inducible factor 1alpha and cyclooxygenase-2. Cytokines levels in the distal intestine were measured using an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay.ResultsHyperbaric oxygen therapy attenuated the severity of acute distal colitis, with reduced macroscopic damage score. This effect was associated with prevention in the increase of pro-inflammatory cytokine production; myeloperoxidase activity, in the expression of inducible nitric oxide synthase and cyclooxygenase-2. Finally, hyperbaric oxygen inhibited the acute distal colitis-induced up-regulation of hypoxia-inducible factor 1alpha.ConclusionsThe results indicate that hyperbaric oxygen attenuates the severity of acute distal colitis through the down-regulation of pro-inflammatory events.
Highlights
This study investigated the therapeutic effects of hyperbaric oxygen in experimental acute distal colitis focusing on its effect on the production of pro-inflammatory cytokines, nitric oxide and hypoxia-inducible factor 1alpha
The results indicate that hyperbaric oxygen attenuates the severity of acute distal colitis through the down-regulation of pro-inflammatory events
hyperbaric oxygen (HBO) ameliorates acute distal colitis: reduction in the macroscopic damage scores Colitis was confirmed in rats, which received an intrarectal injection of trinitrobenzenesulfonic acid–ethanol (TNBS)
Summary
This study investigated the therapeutic effects of hyperbaric oxygen in experimental acute distal colitis focusing on its effect on the production of pro-inflammatory cytokines, nitric oxide and hypoxia-inducible factor 1alpha. It is proposed that hypoxia and an inappropriate mucosal immune response to normal intestinal constituents are key factors that lead to an imbalance in local pro- and anti-inflammatory cytokines, including a high concentration of tumor necrosis factoralpha (TNF-α) and interleukin-1 beta (IL-1β) and increased expression of hypoxia-inducible factor 1alpha (HIF-1α) [1,4,5,6]. The oxygen supply is insufficient, which is due to vasculitis and increased oxygen consumption by the inflammatory infiltrate. This low oxygen tension results in HIF-1α stabilization and the activation of the hypoxic adaptive response [7]
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