Hyperadrenocorticism in Dogs: Impact on Reproduction and Diagnostic Insights from Ultrasonography

Abstract

Canine Cushing's syndrome, also known as hyperadrenocorticism (HAC), is one of the most prevalent endocrinopathies observed in dogs, characterized by elevated cortisol levels. The majority of cases are associated with pituitary tumors, leading to excessive production of corticotrophin (ACTH), thereby stimulating the adrenal glands to secrete cortisol. Clinical manifestations arise from the rise in cortisol concentration and encompass diabetes mellitus, polyuria, and polydipsia. Additionally, prolonged administration of glucocorticoids (iatrogenic) can also contribute to the development of Cushing's syndrome. The surplus cortisol resulting from this condition not only impacts the affected dog's health but also exerts adverse effects on various endocrine systems, leading to anestrus, infertility, premature labor, and high fetal mortality in canines. Therefore, a comprehensive understanding of these reproductive implications is essential to manage this syndrome effectively. The diagnosis of canine hyperadrenocorticism can be done by patient history, clinical signs, specific endocrine tests, and ultrasonography. Despite its significance, knowledge regarding the reproductive implications associated with Cushing's syndrome remains limited. Hence, this review aims to provide a thorough examination of the changes and challenges related to hyperadrenocorticism in canines, with a particular focus on its impact on the reproductive system. By shedding light on this aspect, the review intends to contribute valuable insights to the existing scientific literature and promote better management of this complex syndrome in dogs.