HYPERACTIVATION OF SPERMATOZOA AND ITS ROLE IN THE FERTILIZATION PROCESS

Abstract

To date, according to the WHO estimates, every sixth person in the world faces the problem of infertility, while the contribution of the male factor is, according to various sources, from 30 to 50%. Understanding the cellular and molecular processes that lead to spermatozoa motility is necessary for accurate diagnosis and finding solutions to this problem. The purpose of the review is to analyze and evaluate current data on the problem of spermatozoa hyperactivation, the causes of its violation, molecular mechanisms and prognostic value. Materials and methods. Domestic and foreign sources of literature dated from 1987 to 2022 were used, they were taken from electronic libraries of scientific publications and medical databases, in particular "CyberLeninka", "Google Academy", "ScienceResearch", Elibrary.ru and PubMed. The review included the sources relevant to the topic of this review, which were searched using keywords such as spermatozoid, hyperactivation, infertility, fertilization. Research results. Hyperactivation of spermatozoa is one of the factors that ensure fertilization. This is a Ca2+ and energy-dependent process due to the normal operation of CatSper and KSper channels, as well as cAMP-, cGMP-dependent, potential-dependent channels. In the absence of the SLC9A10 gene in male mice, spermatozoa mature immobile, despite satisfactory spermatogenesis. The control units in the sperm flagella, consisting of CatSper, SLC9A10 and ABHD2, located on the surface, are necessary to ensure rapid signal transmission and coordinated control of complex cellular movement (hyperactivation and rotation). Conclusions. The motility of spermatozoa acquired during their hyperactivation is a vital functional characteristic that determines the ability of male germ cells to penetrate and migrate both into the cervical mucus and into the oocyte membrane (and ultimately fertilize it). Violation of hyperactivation processes or its absence can result in fertilization failure and, in consequence of, be one of the causes of infertility in a couple.