Abstract
Hygienic behavior in honey bees, Apis mellifera, is measured by determining the rate at which the bees uncap and remove dead sealed brood. We analyzed individual behavior of house-cleaning Africanized honey bees in order to focus on some poorly understood aspects of hygienic behavior. Two observation hives, each with approximately 3,000 individually marked bees, were used in this study. The efficiency of hygienic behavior was evaluated in hygienic and non-hygienic strains of bees using two types of combs (new and old), as well as at different periods of the day (night and day). We also recorded the age of workers that performed this task of removing dead brood. In both strains, the workers that performed tasks related to hygienic behavior were within the same age cohort; we found no influence of age on the amount of time dedicated to the task, independent of the type of comb or period of the day. The total time from perforation of the cell capping until the dead brood had been completely removed, and was significantly shorter during daytime than at night. Hygienic behavior directed towards dead brood in new combs was also significantly more efficient (faster) than for brood in old combs. The type of comb had significantly more effect than did the time of day. We conclude that the type of comb and time of day should be taken into consideration when evaluating hygienic behavior in honey bees.
Highlights
Behavioral studies of social insects, such as ants and honey bees, have revealed an elaborate system of division of labor [1]
We found that the workers that performed tasks related to hygienic behavior were from the same age cohort, in both hygienic and non-hygienic strains of bees, independent of the period of the day or type of comb (Figures 2 and 3)
When we examined the interactions between types of comb and genetic strains, bees working on new combs generally spent more time performing the removal tasks than bees doing the same task on old combs (p = 0.001)
Summary
Behavioral studies of social insects, such as ants and honey bees, have revealed an elaborate system of division of labor [1]. Hygienic behavior of a bee is defined as the ability to detect and uncap cells with dead or diseased brood and remove it from the nest [10] It is considered a major mechanism of resistance against parasites and pathogens [11,12] and has been the focus of numerous studies [13±16]. Studies proposed a model with two loci [8,9] in the inheritance of this behavior in honeybees, indicating that it is controlled by two pairs of recessive genes, which in homozygous state cause bees to be hygienic These bees are prone to detect and uncap affected brood cells and remove dead or diseased brood from the comb. We decided to make a daily analysis of this behavior, because most research that has examined hygienic behavior in bees have made only periodic observations [24,30±32], which could mask details of this behavior
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