Hygienic Assessment of Personal Protective Equipment for Workers Exposed to Engineering Nanoparticles: A Systematic Review

Abstract

Background: The production and use of nanomaterials keeps demonstrating a significant annual increase leading to enhanced health risks for humans and especially those exposed to nanoparticles at workplaces. While the knowledge of potential toxicity related to nanotechnologies is still evolving and other more sophisticated risk management strategies are being developed, evaluated and put into practice, personal protective equipment for those handling nanoparticles should be available immediately. Objective: To summarize and systematize information about personal protective equipment already used and recommended for use by workers exposed to nanoparticles in the occupational setting. Materials and methods: We used data analysis methods based on review and generalization of contemporary research data found in Medline, PubMed, and Scopus abstract and citation databases and on information portals as of January 2022. The article selection criterion was availability of information about hygienic assessment of personal protective equipment for workers occupationally exposed to nanoparticles; having reviewed over 528 original articles, we chose 39 full-text publications. Results: We established that the principles of certification of filters and their further use for protection against nanoparticles under industrial conditions are not always observed in the production of filters, especially in terms of their pore size. Data on the use of special protective clothing is very limited and shows that available protective equipment may not ensure the required level of protection. Conclusion: This literature review has revealed problems in the regulatory framework and practical hygienic assessment of personal protective equipment against nanoparticles, one of which is the discrepancy between real working conditions and processes simulated in the laboratory. We have established that particle diameter, charge and shape, air flow rate and humidity, as well as the model and type of filters determine the efficiency of respiratory protective equipment used to protect workers against nanoparticles in the workplace air.