Abstract
Mesoporous zeolite silica-alumina catalysts were investigated for their impact on the hydrothermal liquefaction (HTL) to convert Nannochloropsis oculata into bio-oil. The commercial catalysts were characterized using characterization instruments which are XRD, SAP, and TPD-NH3 analysis, revealing distinctive structural and physicochemical properties. The catalytic screening was conducted at varied reaction temperatures (160–240 °C), durations (60–120 min), and catalyst loadings (1–5 wt.%). The result revealed that ZSM-5 demonstrates effectiveness as a catalyst for the HTL of Nannochloropsis oculata, yielding high bio-oil production under optimized conditions. Strong acid sites and high surface area density are highlighted as the key factors contributing to the catalyst's enhanced performance in promoting valuable bio-oil components.
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