Abstract
Porous titanium (P_Ti) is considered as an effective material for bone scaffold to achieve a stiffness reduction. Herein, biomimetic (bio-)scaffolds were made of sintered P_Ti, which used NaCl as the space holder and had it removed via the hydrothermal method. X-ray diffraction results showed that the subsequent sintering temperature of 1000 °C was the optimized temperature for preparing P_Ti. The compressive strength of P_Ti was measured using a compression test, which revealed an excellent load-bearing ability of above 70 MPa for that with an addition of 50 wt % NaCl (P_Ti_50). The nano-hardness of P_Ti, tested upon their solid surface, was presumably consistent with the density of pores vis-à-vis the addition of NaCl. Overall, a load-bearable P_Ti with a highly porous structure (e.g., P_Ti_50 with a porosity of 43.91% and a pore size around 340 μm) and considerable compressive strength could be obtained through the current process. Cell proliferation (MTS) and lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) assays showed that all P_Ti samples exhibited high cell affinity and low cell mortality, indicating good biocompatibility. Among them, P_Ti_50 showed relatively good in-cell morphology and viability, and is thus promising as a load-bearable bio-scaffold.
Highlights
Bone is an open-cell composite material composed of a complex vascular system and proteinrelated materials
Implant fixation to the bone surface or matrix should be improved through alternatives for reducing stress shielding, which is a consequence of the mismatch between Young’s modulus values (e.g., 110 GPa for solid Ti and 14–20 GPa for cortical bone) [1]
For the MTS and lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) assays, the fibroblast cells were seeded near confluence
Summary
Bone is an open-cell composite material composed of a complex vascular system and proteinrelated materials. Cancellous bone is highly porous, consisting of an interconnected network of trabeculae, which are about 50–300 μm in diameter These two types of bone tissue differ in porosity or density. Porous titanium (P_Ti)-based scaffolds are promising since they may have superior mechanical properties with high strength/weight ratios It is imperative for dental and orthopaedic surgeons to have a basic understanding of the process of peri-implant bone formation [15,16,17]. Implant fixation to the bone surface or matrix should be improved through alternatives for reducing stress shielding, which is a consequence of the mismatch between Young’s modulus values (e.g., 110 GPa for solid Ti and 14–20 GPa for cortical bone) [1] This difference has been identified as one of the major reasons leading to implant loosening and bone resorption. P_T bio-scaffolds, followed by the assessments of load-bearing capability and biocompatibility
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