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Abstract
In the present study, a series of monometallic Cu/SiO2-Al2O3 catalysts exhibited immense potential in the hydroprocessing of oleic acid to produce jet-fuel range hydrocarbons. The synergistic effect of Fe on the monometallic Cu/SiO2-Al2O3 catalysts of variable Cu loadings (5–15 wt%) was ascertained by varying Fe contents in the range of 1–5 wt% on the optimized 13% Cu/SiO2-Al2O3 catalyst. At 340 °C and 2.07 MPa H2 pressure, the jet-fuel range hydrocarbons yield and selectivities of 51.8% and 53.8%, respectively, were recorded for the Fe(3)-Cu(13)/SiO2-Al2O3 catalyst. To investigate the influence of acidity of support on the cracking of oleic acid, ZSM-5 (Zeolite Socony Mobil–5) and HZSM-5(Protonated Zeolite Socony Mobil–5)-supported 3% Fe-13% Cu were also evaluated at 300–340 °C and 2.07 MPa H2 pressure. Extensive techniques including N2 sorption analysis, pyridine- Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (Pyridine-FTIR), X-ray Diffraction (XRD), X-ray Photoelectron Spectroscopy (XPS), and H2-Temperature Programmed Reduction (H2-TPR) analyses were used to characterize the materials. XPS analysis revealed the existence of Cu1+ phase in the Fe(3)-Cu(13)/SiO2-Al2O3 catalyst, while Cu metal was predominant in both the ZSM-5 and HZSM-5-supported FeCu catalysts. The lowest crystallite size of Fe(3)-Cu(13)/SiO2-Al2O3 was confirmed by XRD, indicating high metal dispersion and corroborated by the weakest metal–support interaction revealed from the TPR profile of this catalyst. CO chemisorption also confirmed high metal dispersion (8.4%) for the Fe(3)-Cu(13)/SiO2-Al2O3 catalyst. The lowest and mildest Brønsted/Lewis acid sites ratio was recorded from the pyridine–FTIR analysis for this catalyst. The highest jet-fuel range hydrocarbons yield of 59.5% and 73.6% selectivity were recorded for the Fe(3)-Cu(13)/SiO2-Al2O3 catalyst evaluated at 300 °C and 2.07 MPa H2 pressure, which can be attributed to its desirable textural properties, high oxophilic iron content, high metal dispersion and mild Brønsted acid sites present in this catalyst.
Highlights
The aviation sector is a large growing sector which bridges large distances within relatively short time
The lowest crystallite size of Fe(3)-Cu(13)/SiO2 -Al2 O3 was confirmed by X-ray Diffraction (XRD), indicating high metal dispersion and corroborated by the weakest metal–support interaction revealed from the Temperature Programmed Reduction (TPR) profile of this catalyst
The highest jet-fuel range hydrocarbons yield of 59.5% and 73.6% selectivity were recorded for the Fe(3)-Cu(13)/SiO2 -Al2 O3 catalyst evaluated at 300 ◦ C and 2.07 MPa H2 pressure, which can be attributed to its desirable textural properties, high oxophilic iron content, high metal dispersion and mild Brønsted acid sites present in this catalyst
Summary
The aviation sector is a large growing sector which bridges large distances within relatively short time. The total number of international air passengers worldwide in 2018 was 4.4 billion, and this is expected to increase to 7.8 billion in 2036 with Compound Annual Growth Rate (CAGR) of 3.6%. According to the prediction made by the International Air Transport Association (IATA). The aviation sector facilitates 35% of world trade by value and it is responsible for transporting 54% of international tourists. In spite of the significance of this sector, it is being faced by challenges over the years. The worldwide aviation industry consumes about 1.7 billion barrels of conventional jet fuel annually [1]. The development of the aviation industry is paralleled with increase in greenhouse gas emissions [2]
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