Abstract
Urban stormwater transports hydrophilic trace organic contaminants that need study to ensure safe stormwater discharge or stormwater harvesting for water supply.
Highlights
We identified 18 key peer-reviewed publications that report the occurrence of hyphil-TrOCs in urban surface runoff, separate storm sewers, and combined sewer overflows
polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFASs) are frequently detected in the environment and include perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA) and perfluorononanoic acid (PFNA) used in fluoropolymers such as Teflon, and perfluorooctane sulfonate (PFOS) a fluorosurfactant used in stain repellents and fire-fighting foams.[84]
PFASs are persistent in the environment, difficult to remove in water treatment, and pose a health risk to biota and humans.[85]
Summary
Hydrophilic trace organic contaminants (hyphil-TrOCs) are polar and often ionizable compounds of anthropogenic origin used e.g., as pesticides, plasticizers, flame retardants, corrosion inhibitors, personal care products, and pharmaceuticals.[1,2] Hyphil-TrOCs are mobile in the aquatic environment and possess low sorption tendency due to their polarity and water solubility.[1,2,3] many hyphil-. We use the octanol–water partition coefficient (KOW for neutral compounds) and the octanol–water distribution coefficient (DOW for ionizable compounds) as approximate indicator of aquatic mobility[3] and focus predominantly on compounds with log KOW or log DOW values in the range of −1 to 4 This polarity range is well covered by reversed-phase liquid chromatography coupled to (high-resolution) mass spectrometry (LC-(HR)MS) which is the main analytical technique for the identification and quantification of hyphilTrOCs in wastewater and stormwater.[3,12,38] We highlight challenges associated with sampling and monitoring strategies of hyphil-TrOCs and discuss sources of these chemicals in the urban environment. Generation green infrastructure elements such as biofilters amended with reactive geomedia (e.g., metal oxides) or adsorbents (e.g., activated carbon or biochar) are discussed that show promise to effectively remove hyphilTrOCs from urban stormwater
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