Hydrologic Alteration and Enhanced Microbial Reductive Dissolution of Fe(III) (hydr)oxides Under Flow Conditions in Fe(III)-Rich Rocks: Contribution to Cave-Forming Processes.

Hazel A Barton,John M Senko,Augusto S Auler,Tyler D Rieman,Kayla A Calapa,Melissa K Mulford,Ceth W Parker

doi:10.3389/fmicb.2021.696534

Hazel A Barton, John M Senko + Show 5 more

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https://doi.org/10.3389/fmicb.2021.696534

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Abstract

Previous work demonstrated that microbial Fe(III)-reduction contributes to void formation, and potentially cave formation within Fe(III)-rich rocks, such as banded iron formation (BIF), iron ore and canga (a surficial duricrust), based on field observations and static batch cultures. Microbiological Fe(III) reduction is often limited when biogenic Fe(II) passivates further Fe(III) reduction, although subsurface groundwater flow and the export of biogenic Fe(II) could alleviate this passivation process, and thus accelerate cave formation. Given that static batch cultures are unlikely to reflect the dynamics of groundwater flow conditions in situ, we carried out comparative batch and column experiments to extend our understanding of the mass transport of iron and other solutes under flow conditions, and its effect on community structure dynamics and Fe(III)-reduction. A solution with chemistry approximating cave-associated porewater was amended with 5.0 mM lactate as a carbon source and added to columns packed with canga and inoculated with an assemblage of microorganisms associated with the interior of cave walls. Under anaerobic conditions, microbial Fe(III) reduction was enhanced in flow-through column incubations, compared to static batch incubations. During incubation, the microbial community profile in both batch culture and columns shifted from a Proteobacterial dominance to the Firmicutes, including Clostridiaceae, Peptococcaceae, and Veillonellaceae, the latter of which has not previously been shown to reduce Fe(III). The bacterial Fe(III) reduction altered the advective properties of canga-packed columns and enhanced permeability. Our results demonstrate that removing inhibitory Fe(II) via mimicking hydrologic flow of groundwater increases reduction rates and overall Fe-oxide dissolution, which in turn alters the hydrology of the Fe(III)-rich rocks. Our results also suggest that reductive weathering of Fe(III)-rich rocks such as canga, BIF, and iron ores may be more substantial than previously understood.

Highlights

The Southern Espinhaço Mountain Range (SE) of southeastern Brazil contains commercially important, high-grade iron ore hosted by the Serra da Serpentina Group, a stratigraphic unit which includes the iron-rich Serra do Sapo Formation (Auler et al, 2019)
Prior enrichment of canga-associated microorganisms from IFCs demonstrated that the microbial communities present were capable of Fe(III) reduction to extents that could contribute to IFC formation (Parker et al, 2018), but Fe(II) that accumulates during Fe(III)oxide reduction can adsorb to Fe(III) phase surfaces and induce mineralformations (Roden et al, 2000; Benner et al, 2002; Hansel et al, 2003, 2005; Gonzalez-Gil et al, 2005)
Canga was collected from the interior of a cave that was forming at a banded iron formation (BIF)-canga interface

Summary

INTRODUCTION

The Southern Espinhaço Mountain Range (SE) of southeastern Brazil contains commercially important, high-grade iron ore hosted by the Serra da Serpentina Group, a stratigraphic unit which includes the iron-rich Serra do Sapo Formation (Auler et al, 2019). Prior enrichment of canga-associated microorganisms from IFCs demonstrated that the microbial communities present were capable of Fe(III) reduction to extents that could contribute to IFC formation (Parker et al, 2018), but Fe(II) that accumulates during Fe(III) (hydr)oxide reduction can adsorb to Fe(III) phase surfaces and induce mineral (trans)formations (Roden et al, 2000; Benner et al, 2002; Hansel et al, 2003, 2005; Gonzalez-Gil et al, 2005) These consequences of Fe(III) reduction could self-limit further Fe(III) (hydr)oxide reduction, subsurface water flow could help overcome these limitations by advective transport of Fe(II) (Gonzalez-Gil et al, 2005; Minyard and Burgos, 2007; Wefer-Roehl and Kübeck, 2014). To understand whether this hydrologic flow could influence Fe-reduction rates and enhance IFC formation we compared batch cultures [where Fe(II) will accumulate] to columns [where Fe(II) is removed via flow] to evaluate how water flow influenced microbiologically mediated Fe(III) reduction, and whether such activity could influence the hydraulic properties of canga

MATERIALS AND METHODS

RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

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