Abstract
The current study evaluated the hydrogeological conditions and hydraulic properties of the groundwater aquifers in Qaraqosh, Karamless and Bartella areas within Al-Hamdaniya district east Mosul. The depths and water tables of groundwater for 48 well were measured in October 2019, were ranged between 5 - 45 meters and 234 - 278.5 meters, respectively. The highest water table reaches in the center of the studied area north Qaraqosh and decreases gradually in all directions. A map of the flow net was drawn, and it was found that the general direction of water movement is from north to south, with local directions resulting by pumping from the aquifer, or due to the heterogeneity of the porous media. The results of the pumping test in Karamless area shows that the transmissivity was 107.671 m2/day and 100.682 m2/day according to Theis and Cooper-Jacob methods, respectively. The hydraulic conductivity of 157.65 m saturated thickness was found to be 0.683 m/day and 0.639 m/day using Theis and Cooper-Jacob methods, respectively. While the storage coefficient using Theis and Cooper-Jacob methods was 0.0023 and 0.0020، respectively. In Qaraqosh, the transmissivity was 87.1685 m2/day and 88.1004 m2/day according to the mentioned methods, respectively. While the hydraulic conductivity of saturated thickness of 71.07 m was found to be 1.24 m/day and 1.23 m/day using Theis and Cooper-Jacob methods, respectively. The values of storage coefficient using these methods was 0.00135 and 0.00115 respectively. The total dissolved solids (TDS) measured to conclude the hydrogeological system according to the quality of the groundwater aquifers, it was found that the concentrations of total dissolved solids are more than 3500 ppm in the mid of the study area and decreased towards all directions to the limits of 250 ppm. This wide variation in salinity may be because the wells in the central area penetrate the groundwater aquifers, represented by the layers of gypsum in Al-Fat'ha formation, which is hydraulically connected with the main aquifer of the Injana formation.
Highlights
The main problem in all over the world is the supply of drinking water for domestic uses, as a result of the population increase, and that the gap between the water supply and the need of drinking water can expand and reach dangerous levels (Awadh et al, 2020). and may be considered a threat to human life (Yajingli and Kunpeng, 2009)
The groundwater-bearing formations in the study area have been identified, represented by the formation of Injana, which represents the main aquifer is in the study area, and there is a secondary aquifer within the sediments of the Quaternary period it was found that most of the sediments are composed of sequences of mudstone, sandstone, and siltstones, and fine, coarse and sandy gravel rocks that interbeded with layers of sandy, clayey and Silty rocks
As the presence of mud layers extending for wide distances in the aquifer suggests the presence of confined aquifers, and it has been observed that the water table is located within the boundaries of the clay layers confirms this result and the combined aquifers may behave as semi-confined aquifers, this was confirmed by the results of the pumping test that was carried out on two wells in the study area
Summary
The main problem in all over the world is the supply of drinking water for domestic uses, as a result of the population increase, and that the gap between the water supply and the need of drinking water can expand and reach dangerous levels (Awadh et al, 2020). and may be considered a threat to human life (Yajingli and Kunpeng, 2009). 2021, 54 (2B), 112-121 about 1% of the water in the world is fresh and potable water (Pangorkar, et al 2010), especially in the area with an arid or semi-arid climate, when the study area is locating with (Lamei, et al, 2008).The increasing population growth in Iraq, which reached to 40 million people in 2020, this increasing happen in the studied area constitutes more pressures exhausting on water resources that have become scarce than ever before. The per capita of water in Iraq reaches 2,400 cubic meters annually. All this will lead to an increase the demand for water and agricultural production (USEPA, 2012). The importance of the hydraulic properties of an aquifer lies in determining some of the reservoirs'
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