Abstract
Groundwater is the major source of drinking water in both urban and rural communities around Chad Basin in Northeastern Nigeria. Besides, it is an important source of water for the agricultural and the industrial sector. In this work, hydrogeological windows of the Upper aquifer subzones of the Chad Basin around Bornu sub-basin have been studied. The research involves collection of borehole logs from Borno State Water Board in which the position of each borehole located on a topographic map at scale of 1:500,000. The thicknesses of Upper aquifer subzones at different locations were screened with the top and bottom bed values subtracted from their elevations. Contours of each corresponding values were drawn and contours of recharge windows were demarcated. The results showed that the upper aquifer is divided into ‘a’, ‘b’ and ‘c’ subzones. It also revealed detailed structural behavior of hydrogeological openings that enable the penetration of water from the surface to the three subzones of the Upper aquifer through hydrogeological windows and vice versa. The upper a-subzone is connected to lower upper c-subzone in the upper aquifer that subsequently permit flow of water to the Middle aquifer. These hydrogeological windows are mostly located around Bama, Maiduguri, Damaturu, Monguno, Damasack, Ngala and Kala-Balge. Conclusively, these windows are conduits of recharge into to the upper zones and infiltrate to the Upper b-subzone of the middle aquifer and contribute to balance abstracted water in middle aquifer for economic purposes.
Highlights
The Chad Basin with an area of about 2,335,000 km2 occupies a vast area with an altitude between 200 m and 500 m above sea level in Central Africa [1,2,3]
The origin of the Basin is generally attributed to the rift system that developed in the early rift System period when the African - Southern American lithospheric plates separated and the Atlantic Ocean opened (Fig. 1)
The sediments of Chad Formation in Bornu Basin are generally horizontal with a slight northeast dip in the direction of Lake Chad with maximum dip angle of 5 -100 as measured on outcropping beds along River Ngadda
Summary
The Chad Basin with an area of about 2,335,000 km occupies a vast area with an altitude between 200 m and 500 m above sea level in Central Africa [1,2,3]. The tectonic frame work and evolution of the Borno Basin (southern part of Chad Basin) took place during the evolution of the West African Rift System Basin leading to sedimentation in the Basin and deposition of Chad Formation as the youngest stratigraphic formation in the Borno Basin [4]. These evolution and sedimentation activities in the Basin attracted the attention of many workers [5,6,7,8,9,10,11,12]. This work intends to produce elevation maps showing the upper and lower elevations of the different aquifer subzones and demarcate the hydrogeological windows of the different zones of the aquifer
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