Abstract
The definition of a karst drainage basin in the aquifer of the karst area is an absolute thing to do as a water resource management unit. This research aimed to characterize the hydrogeology of the Gunungsewu Karst Area in the upper reach of the Gremeng Karst Drainage Basin. For this purpose, it was divided into three stages, namely geological survey, speleological survey, and artificial tracer test. The results indicate that the area observed lies in two or more geological formations: Semilir Formation, composed of sandstone and tuff from the ancient volcano Wonodadi eruptions, and Wonosari Formation, in which carbonate rocks consisting of massive coral limestone and bedded chalky limestone predominate. In volcanic rocks, the surface rivers have developed into allogenic streams flowing from underlying beds exposed updip. The contact between the two different formations results in the formation of ponors and springs. The artificial tracer test revealed two underground river systems with single conduits controlled by the allogenic rivers and large slope gradients in the study area.
Highlights
Following the groundwater basin’s conceptual development in hydrogeology in the 1960s, karst hydrologists/hydrogeologists began to draw attention to the conceptualization and investigation of a karst drainage basin [1]
The artificial tracer test produced breakthrough curves (BTCs) based on the fluorometer readings, the shape of which helps to analyze the characteristics of developed tunnels [17]
In locations composed of volcanic rocks, the surface rivers have developed into allogenic streams in the observed karst drainage basin
Summary
Following the groundwater basin’s conceptual development in hydrogeology in the 1960s, karst hydrologists/hydrogeologists began to draw attention to the conceptualization and investigation of a karst drainage basin [1]. Each refers to a definition of the basin as surface and subsurface areas that recharge an underground river, conduit, or spring in a karst landscape [2]. Some of the reasons include topographical and hydrological features that often have mismatched boundaries, variable groundwater tables during the rainy or dry season, dissolution tunnels with varying developments over time, many tunnels in an underground river system (e.g., maze cave), and the ease with which subsurface stream piracy occurs in Gunungsewu Karst Area on Java Island is one of the Indonesian karst landscapes with a drainage basin definition that has existed for a long time. The results are considered limited—potentially raising conceptual and analytical issues—because the research incorporated the entire Ponjong Hydrogeological Subsystem into the Bribin Karst Drainage Basin despite the absence of any tracer tests in the region’s allogenic rivers. Subsequent studies by the Faculty of Forestry, Universitas Gadjah Mada (1993)[11] Adji (2009)[12], Gunawan (2013)[13], and Widyastuti (2014)[14] still include the former as part of the latter
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