Abstract
In this study, a detailed hydrochemical evaluation has been made to determine the chemical processes of spring waters and their suitability for irrigation. The study area consists of a drainage basin of the Gökpınar dam and has fertile soils for irrigable agriculture. During the period of August 2017 and October 2018, regular samples were collected monthly from 10 spring and 140 samples in total were subjected to hydrochemical analysis. For this purpose, 11 hydrochemical parameters such as pH, EC, TDS, TH, Na%, SAR, MR, RSC, RSBC, USSL, and Wilcox were used. GIS-based spatial mapping of the hydrogeochemical parameters has been prepared using ArcGIS. The major hydrogeochemical facies of waters are Ca2+, Mg2+, HCO3− water type. Alkaline earth metals (Ca2+, Mg2+) and weak acid (CO32−, HCO3−) dominates over the alkalies (Na+, K+) and strong acid (Cl−, SO42−) in all spring waters, respectively. Since the limit values of TDS in the samples are between 367 and 681 mgL-1, the class of all samples is freshwater. The average Na% is between 1.29 and 9.28, and EC values are between 402 and 691 μScm-1. For irrigation purposes, all spring waters fall within the category of “excellent to good” in the Wilcox (1955) diagram, based on the Na% and EC. Average SAR values in the range of 0.07-0.16 meqL-1 indicate that spring water samples are excellent for irrigation purposes.
Highlights
In this study, a detailed hydrochemical evaluation has been made to determine the chemical processes of spring waters and their suitability for irrigation
The total dissolved solids (TDS) in the spring waters is a measure of organic and inorganic substances dissolved in water and in terms of groundwater depends on the solubility of geological units in water
Spring waters are characterized as fresh type, good quality, alkaline in nature, and hard-very hard based on Total Dissolved Solids (TDS), Electrical Conductivity (EC), pH, and total hardness (TH) respectively
Summary
A detailed hydrochemical evaluation has been made to determine the chemical processes of spring waters and their suitability for irrigation. This study confirms that all spring water samples in the basin are suitable for irrigation, based on long-term physical parameters and chemical analysis results. Increasing urbanization and agricultural activities in the region have started to threaten the quality and usability of water In this situation, using freshwater springs in the most efficient way, and finding new resources has become an urgent requirement. There is no serious study in terms of agricultural irrigation regarding spring waters This hydrochemical assessment is the first study on this subject in the basin and its purpose is to evaluate the suitability of these water springs for use in irrigation based on the Geographic Information System (GIS) approach
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