Hydrogenation of polystyrene in CO 2-expanded liquids: The effect of catalyst composition on deactivation

Abstract

The effect of catalyst composition on the hydrogenation of the aromatic rings of polystyrene dissolved in carbon dioxide-expanded decahydronaphthalene (CO 2-DHN) was studied using a slurry reactor at 150 °C. Catalyst deactivation occurred within 15 min of the addition of CO 2 to the reactor when 5% Pd/SiO 2 or 5% Pd/Al 2O 3 was used as the catalyst. The deactivation is believed to be a consequence of CO formation via the reverse water-gas shift reaction, as CO was observed at the end of each hydrogenation reaction. In an effort to convert CO to CH 4 before the poisoning of Pd sites occurred, a methanation catalyst such as 5% Ru/Al 2O 3 or 65% Ni/SiO 2–Al 2O 3 was physically mixed with 5% Pd/SiO 2 or 5% Pd/Al 2O 3 and used to hydrogenate PS. Carbon monoxide concentrations decreased, but no significant improvements in aromatic ring hydrogenation were observed. When a catalyst containing both a hydrogenation and methanation function in a single catalyst particle (1.6% Ru/4.2% Pd/SiO 2) was used, the degrees of hydrogenation in CO 2-DHN matched those obtained when neat DHN was the solvent. Furthermore, no CO was detected when the reaction was catalyzed by the bimetallic catalyst. These results suggest that the methanation function must be proximate to the hydrogenation (reverse water-gas shift) function in order for aromatic ring hydrogenation to proceed as rapidly in a CO 2-expanded solvent as in the unexpanded solvent.