Hydrogen trapping under the effect of W–C mixed layers

Abstract

The retention of hydrogen (H) isotope in plasma-facing materials (PFMs) is an important issue for next step fusion device. We used density functional theory (DFT) to study the chemical bonds of H in tungsten–carbon (W–C) mixed layers of tungsten surface, aiming to explore the retention behaviour of H in PFMs. The solubility of C in W was first calculated for revealing the phase components in W–C mixed layers. It was found that C has low solubility in W, which prefers to be segregated on the W surface. Vacancies can enhance the solution of C in W. This makes C appear somewhat carbide feature. Thus, W–C mixed layers should contain multiple phase components. H retention strongly depends on the phase components in the W–C mixed layers. The solution of C will suppress the retention of H in W no matter whether neighbouring vacancies are present, or not. Hydrocarbon precursors, which were observed in desorption experiments, prefer to form by means of H binding to C atoms in C amorphous, or in precipitators in the W–C mixed layers, while not in tungsten carbide phase or in W bulk. Our investigation reasonably explains the experimental results.