Abstract
The importance of hydrogen sulfide (H2S) in the regulation of multiple physiological functions has been clearly recognized in the over 20 years since it was first identified as a novel gasotransmitter. In bone tissue H2S exerts a cytoprotective effect and promotes bone formation. Just recently, the scientific community has begun to appreciate its role as a therapeutic agent in bone pathologies. Pharmacological administration of H2S achieved encouraging results in preclinical studies in the treatment of systemic bone diseases, such as osteoporosis; however, a local delivery of H2S at sites of bone damage may provide additional opportunities of treatment. Here, we highlight how H2S stimulates multiple signaling pathways involved in various stages of the processes of bone repair. Moreover, we discuss how material science and chemistry have recently developed biomaterials and H2S-donors with improved features, laying the ground for the development of H2S-releasing devices for bone regenerative medicine. This review is intended to give a state-of-the-art description of the pro-regenerative properties of H2S, with a focus on bone tissue, and to discuss the potential of H2S-releasing scaffolds as a support for bone repair.
Highlights
Tissue development and repair has long been associated with sulfur metabolism: The first evidence dates back to the study by Williamson and Fromm (1955) which found an association between the activation of sulfur-containing amino acids metabolism and the wound healing process [1]
H2S has been hypothesized to play a role in severe burns, which are associated with processes that causes increased permeability and edema [54], and has been proven to improve diabetic wound healing [55,56]
Taken together these data indicates that future design of H2S-releasing scaffolds for bone tissue engineering (BTE) may be tuned to temporally modulate pro-inflammatory and anti-inflammatory activities, promoting the formation of regenerated bone tissue
Summary
Tissue development and repair has long been associated with sulfur metabolism: The first evidence dates back to the study by Williamson and Fromm (1955) which found an association between the activation of sulfur-containing amino acids metabolism and the wound healing process [1]. Dynamic tissue which provides the body with structural and movement support functions, organ protection, mineral reserve, and endocrine system function [6,7]. It is continuously remodeled by the coordination and balance of two key processes, bone formation and bone resorption [8,9], and is capable of repairing and reshaping without leaving scars [10]. The state-of-the-art of the development of H2S-releasing scaffolds and biomaterials for promoting tissue regeneration will be described, with a focus on bone repair. Implications and future challenges in the field of H2S-releasing scaffold for bone tissue engineering (BTE) will be discussed
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