Abstract
Dihydrogen (H2), commonly named ‘hydrogen’, is increasingly recognised as a clean and reliable energy vector for decarbonisation and defossilisation by various sectors. The global hydrogen demand is projected to increase from 70 million tonnes in 2019 to 120 million tonnes by 2024. Hydrogen development should also meet the seventh goal of ‘affordable and clean energy’ of the United Nations. Here we review hydrogen production and life cycle analysis, hydrogen geological storage and hydrogen utilisation. Hydrogen is produced by water electrolysis, steam methane reforming, methane pyrolysis and coal gasification. We compare the environmental impact of hydrogen production routes by life cycle analysis. Hydrogen is used in power systems, transportation, hydrocarbon and ammonia production, and metallugical industries. Overall, combining electrolysis-generated hydrogen with hydrogen storage in underground porous media such as geological reservoirs and salt caverns is well suited for shifting excess off-peak energy to meet dispatchable on-peak demand.
Highlights
The continual growth and rapid urbanisation of the world population and economy have resulted in an enormous increase in energy need, urging the switch from fossilbased fuels into alternative clean renewables (Dawood et al 2020)
There is abundant availability of renewable sources used in hydrogen production; the variable and intermittent nature of these resources is the major challenge in the transition towards a hydrogen economy
2019 El-Emam and Özcan, 2019 Alanne and Cao, 2019 El-Shafie et al, 2019 Alanne and Cao, 2019 El-Shafie et al, 2019 Dawood et al, 2020 El-Shafie et al, 2019 Cheng et al, 2019 Dawood et al, 2020 El-Emam and Özcan, 2019 El-Shafie et al, 2019 Dawood et al, 2020 Mah et al, 2019 Mah et al, 2019 El-Shafie et al, 2019 Pinsky et al, 2020 Pinsky et al, 2020 Pinsky et al, 2020 electrolysis would be reduced by approximately 70% over the decade, allowing for the widespread adoption of a green hydrogen production approach
Summary
The continual growth and rapid urbanisation of the world population and economy have resulted in an enormous increase in energy need, urging the switch from fossilbased fuels into alternative clean renewables (Dawood et al 2020).
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