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Abstract
Greige cotton (unbleached cotton) is an intact plant fiber that retains much of the outer cotton fiber layers. These layers contain pectin, peroxidases, and trace metals that are associated with hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) generation during cotton fiber development. When greige cotton is subjected to a nonwoven hydroentanglement process, components of the outer cotton fiber layers are retained. When hydrated, this fabric can generate H2O2 (5–50 micromolar). This range has been characterized as inducing accelerated wound healing associated with enhanced cell signaling and the proliferation of cells vital to wound restoration. On the other hand, H2O2 levels above 50 micromolar have been associated with bacteriostatic activity. Here, we report the preparation and hydrogen peroxide activity of copper/ascorbate formulations, both as adsorbed and in situ synthesized analogs on cotton. The cooper/ascorbate-cotton formulations were designed with the goal of modulating hydrogen peroxide levels within functional ranges beneficial to wound healing. The cotton/copper formulation analogs were prepared on nonwoven unbleached cotton and characterized with cotton impregnation titers of 3–14 mg copper per gram of cotton. The copper/ascorbate cotton analog formulations were characterized spectroscopically, and the copper titer was quantified with ICP analysis and probed for peroxide production through assessment with Amplex Red. All analogs demonstrated antibacterial activity. Notably, the treatment of unbleached cotton with low levels of ascorbate (~2 mg/g cotton) resulted in a 99 percent reduction in Klebsiella pneumoniae and Staphylococcus aureus. In situ synthesized copper/ascorbate nanoparticles retained activity and did not leach out upon prolonged suspension in an aqueous environment. An assessment of H2O2 effects on fibroblast proliferation are discussed in light of the copper/cotton analogs and wound healing.
Highlights
Because cotton-based dressings possess a good absorptive capacity and are inexpensive, they are one of the most widely employed materials for the treatment of exudative wounds [1].An attractive goal would be to impart additional functionality to cotton-based dressings and yet maintain their other desirable properties.At low concentrations, reactive oxygen species (ROS) may serve as signaling messengers in the cell and regulate numerous signal transduction and gene expression processes [2]
Copper nanoparticles incorporated into cotton with the in situ synthesis give a plasmon peak at 570–580 nm in a dose-responsive manner
Low-level hydrogen peroxide generation (5–50 μM) has been a subject of therapeutic interest for some time with regard to the promotion of cell proliferation developing an improved understanding of how wound dressings may be designed to address critical unsolved issues in wound repair and treatment is an impetus for the development of safe, economical, and highly functional materials for patients
Summary
Reactive oxygen species (ROS) may serve as signaling messengers in the cell and regulate numerous signal transduction and gene expression processes [2]. Hydrogen peroxide generation that either enhances cell proliferation or promotes antimicrobial activity has been a subject of recent mechanistic and therapeutic interest [4,5,6,7]. Therapeutic chronic wound dressings with functionalities targeted to low-level hydrogen peroxide generation (5–50 μM) have been of interest in dressing design for the promotion of cell proliferation since Schmidt et al [8] first demonstrated low-level hydrogen peroxide based on compositional functionality in semi-occlusive dressings. The recent interest in the use of honey to treat wounds may be partly the result of its production of low levels of hydrogen peroxide [13,14]
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