Abstract
AbstractThe properties of behavior of hydrogen and its isotopes, and the various applications of hydrogen are presented and discussed. The natural occurrence, preparation, use, and analysis of hydrogen are described. The atomic properties of protium (H), deuterium (D), and tritium (T) and the major physical properties of isotopic molecular hydrogen and isotopic water molecules are compared, and the distribution of deuterium and tritium in nature is geochemically discussed. Isotope effects concerning the vapor pressure and the fractionation factor of hydrogen and water molecules in equilibrium are explained, and are expanded in aqueous solutions. The chemical properties of atomic and ionized hydrogen, the reactions of molecular hydrogen, and the absorption and adsorption of hydrogen are compiled. The topics of the hydrogen spectroscopy, the ortho‐ and para‐hydrogen, the hydrogen in semiconductor, and the hydrogen energy are also compiled.
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