Hydrogen-bond tuned conjugated architectures for nitric oxide sensing in single-benzene framework: Advances and mechanistic insights

Abstract

In contrast to the conventional fluorescence enhancement resulting from the cessation of the photoinduced electron transfer effect upon capturing nitric oxide (NO) by o-phenylenediamine, we found an interesting fluorescence quench within small molecule fluorophores characterized by intramolecular hydrogen bonding. Herein, the integration of a push-pull electron system with intramolecular hydrogen bonding onto an ultra-small fluorophore was employed to fabricate a hydrogen bond-tuned single benzene core fluorescent probe with an exceptional fluorescence quantum yield of 26 %, denoted as HSC-1. By virtue of its small size and low molecular weight (mere 192 g/mol), it demonstrated superior solubility and biocompatibility. Given the optimized conditions, HSC-1 manifested extraordinary linearity in detecting NO concentrations ranging from 0.5 to 60 μM, with an outstanding detection limit of 23.8 nM. Theoretical calculations unraveled the photophysical properties of hydrogen bonding-related probe molecules and highlighted the NO sensing mechanism. This pioneering work offers an important platform for the design of small fluorescence probes only with a single benzene core applied to NO sensing, which will potentially emerge as a new frontier in the area.