Abstract
Endotoxin-induced lung injury is one of the major causes of death induced by endotoxemia, however, few effective therapeutic options exist. Hydrogen inhalation has recently been shown to be an effective treatment for inflammatory lung injury, but the underlying mechanism is unknown. In the current study we aim to investigate how hydrogen attenuates endotoxin-induced lung injury and provide reference values for the clinical application of hydrogen. LPS was used to establish an endotoxin-induced lung injury mouse model. The survival rate and pulmonary pathologic changes were evaluated. THP-1 and HUVECC cells were cultured in vitro. The thioredoxin 1 (Trx1) inhibitor was used to evaluate the anti-inflammatory effects of hydrogen. Hydrogen significantly improved the survival rate of mice, reduced pulmonary edema and hemorrhage, infiltration of neutrophils, and IL-6 secretion. Inhalation of hydrogen decreased tissue factor (TF) expression and MMP-9 activity, while Trx1 expression was increased in the lungs and serum of endotoxemia mice. LPS-stimulated THP-1 and HUVEC-C cells in vitro and showed that hydrogen decreases TF expression and MMP-9 activity, which were abolished by the Trx1 inhibitor, PX12. Hydrogen attenuates endotoxin-induced lung injury by decreasing TF expression and MMP-9 activity via activating Trx1. Targeting Trx1 by hydrogen may be a potential treatment for endotoxin-induced lung injury.
Highlights
Sepsis is related to systemic inflammatory response syndrome and results in dysfunction or organ failure with a mortality rate up to 40% while endotoxemia is one of the main pathogenic factors of sepsis [1]
We report that hydrogen attenuates endotoxin-induced lung injury and increases the survival rate of endotoxin mice by upregulating Trx-1 expression to inhibit tissue factor (TF) expression and Matrix metalloproteinase (MMP)-9 activity
We further explored the protective effects of hydrogen on endotoxin-induced lung injury in endotoxemia mice
Summary
Sepsis is related to systemic inflammatory response syndrome and results in dysfunction or organ failure with a mortality rate up to 40% while endotoxemia is one of the main pathogenic factors of sepsis [1]. Acute lung injury often occurs in the early stage of endotoxemia and is one of the most important causes of death [2]; effective specific treatments are lacking. Endotoxin-induced lung injury is mainly due to bacterial and viral infections, resulting in the excessive production of inflammatory cytokines within a short time, followed by inflammatory and coagulation cascade reactions [3]. During this process, tissue factor (TF) plays a key role as an initiator of cascade reactions [4, 5]. It has been reported that inhibition of TF significantly increases the survival rate during endotoxemia [6,7,8]
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