Abstract
The earlier chapters focused largely on energy storage as it relates to electricity supply, including the role of storage in supporting a transition to high-penetration (perhaps even 100%) variable renewable generation for established grid systems. Electricity, though, comprises between 18% and 38% of global energy use, depending on the stage of the conversion process from primary energy source to final carrier at which its share is measured, and the energy accounting methodology employed. According to the IEA, in 2016 electricity comprised 18.8% of world total final consumption by fuel-type, having risen from 9.4% in 1973 (IEA, Key World Energy Statistics 2018, Technical report, International Energy Agency, p. 16, 2018). If we also account for the primary energy used to produce electricity, the 18% ‘final consumption’ translates to 38% (Palmer and Floyd, BioPhys Econ Resour Qual 2(4):15, 2017), or roughly a third of global primary energy use.
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