Hydrogen and ammonia fuelled internal combustion engines, a pathway to carbon-neutral fuels future

Abstract

Issues such as climate change and ever-increasing global warming have obliged governments and world authorities to comply with stringent regulations on the control of greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions in internal combustion engines (ICEs). Carbon dioxide (CO2), the most produced GHG, has been the major concern of climate change in recent years. To reduce carbon emissions, fuels with lower carbon content, such as alcohol fuels, or fuels with no carbon content, like hydrogen and ammonia, should be taken into consideration to be replaced by fossil fuels in internal combustion engines.