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Abstract
Synthetic and naturally occurring nano-sized particles present versatile vehicles for the delivery of therapy in a range of clinical settings. Their small size and modifiable physicochemical properties support refinement of targeting capabilities, immune response, and therapeutic cargo, but rapid clearance from the body and limited efficacy remain a major challenge. This highlights the need for a local sustained delivery system for nanoparticles (NPs) and extracellular vesicles (EVs) at the target site that will ensure prolonged exposure, maximum efficacy and dose, and minimal toxicity. Biocompatible hydrogels loaded with therapeutic NPs/EVs hold immense promise as cell-free sustained and targeted delivery systems in a range of disease settings. These bioscaffolds ensure retention of the nano-sized particles at the target site and can also act as controlled release systems for therapeutics over a prolonged period of time. The encapsulation of stimuli sensitive components into hydrogels supports the release of the content on-demand. In this review, we highlight the prospect of the sustained and prolonged delivery of these nano-sized therapeutic entities from hydrogels for broad applications spanning tissue regeneration and cancer treatment. Further understanding of the parameters controlling the release rate of these particles and efficient transfer of cargo to target cells will be fundamental to success.
Highlights
Published: 15 November 2021Nanoparticles (NPs) are nanoscale entities consisting primarily of lipid and polymeric structures
Many nanoparticles are being coated with different types of polymers in order to bypass the immune system as they form a hydrophilic coating [5,6]
A recently completed randomized controlled study highlighted the efficacy of platelet rich plasma (PRP) containing extracellular vesicles (EVs) for the treatment of temporal bone cavities [24]
Summary
Nanoparticles (NPs) are nanoscale entities consisting primarily of lipid and polymeric structures. Recent findings have highlighted the role of EVs in intercellular communication resulting in the transfer of a wide range of nucleic acids, peptides and proteins that are being developed for the treatment of multiple diseases [16] The composition of these vesicles is mainly governed by the cell of origin, the local niche, the pathways involved in biogenesis and the cargo sorting routes. A recently completed randomized controlled study highlighted the efficacy of platelet rich plasma (PRP) containing EVs for the treatment of temporal bone cavities [24] Another ongoing clinical trial is focused on the use of PRP rich in EVs for the treatment of ear infections [25].
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