Abstract
In bio-oil upgrading, the activity and stability of the catalyst are of great importance for the catalytic hydrodeoxygenation (HDO) process. The vapor-phase HDO of guaiacol was investigated to clarify the activity, stability, and regeneration ability of Al-MCM-41 supported Pd, Co, and Fe catalysts in a fixed-bed reactor. The HDO experiment was conducted at 400 °C and 1 atm, while the regeneration of the catalyst was performed with an air flow at 500 °C for 240 min. TGA and XPS techniques were applied to study the coke deposit and metal oxide bond energy of the catalysts before and after HDO reaction. The Co and Pd–Co simultaneously catalyzed the CArO–CH3, CAr–OH, and multiple C–C hydrogenolyses, while the Fe and Pd–Fe principally catalyzed the CAr–OCH3 hydrogenolysis. The bimetallic Pd–Co and Pd–Fe showed a higher HDO yield and stability than monometallic Co and Fe, since the coke formation was reduced. The Pd–Fe catalyst presented a higher stability and regeneration ability than the Pd–Co catalyst, with consistent activity during three HDO cycles.
Highlights
IntroductionThe lignocellulose biomass resource can be used as direct energy in combustion, and as a more valuable fuel after the conversion and upgrading process [1]
Hydrodeoxygenation of guaiacol over Al-MCM-41 supported Pd–Co and Pd–Fe catalysts were studied at 400 ◦ C and ambient atmosphere
HDO yield and lower gas-phase yield compared with the Co catalyst in HDO of guaiacol
Summary
The lignocellulose biomass resource can be used as direct energy in combustion, and as a more valuable fuel after the conversion and upgrading process [1]. The presence of oxygenated compounds (e.g., acids, esters, alcohols, ketones, furans, and phenols) gives the bio-oil a low heating value, low chemical and thermal stability, high viscosity, and high corrosiveness [3,4,5,6,7]. These disadvantages can be mitigated or solved if oxygen is removed partially or entirely, respectively [8]. Catalytic hydrodeoxygenation (HDO) is a prominent process for bio-oil upgrading, since it can eliminate the oxygen significantly and preserve the carbon of the bio-oil [9,10]
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