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Abstract
The Awash River basin is classified into the upper basin, middle basin, and lower basin. The upper basin is the most irrigated and socio-economically important, wherein early and modern agriculture started. This study aimed to assess the upper basin’s hydroclimate variability under climate change from 1991 to 2015 following the county’s land-use policy change. Distinguished topographical settings, namely, lowland, midland, and highland, are used for upper Awash basin hydroclimate trend analysis. Lowland stations revealed a nonsignificant seasonal and annual increasing trend except for the Autumn season. Midland stations showed a decreased seasonal rainfall. Except for Sendafa, the increased station, the highland area exhibited an annual decreasing trend. The Awash-Hombole and Mojo main tributaries are used for the evaluation of basin streamflow. The Awash-Hombole main tributary resulted in annually growing trends during the summer season. Mojo main tributary resulted in a significantly decreasing trend during the spring, summer, and autumn seasons with a 99% level of significance. Therefore, following the basin’s topographic nature, the change of hydroclimatic elements, mainly of the rainfall and streamflow, is observed. Accordingly, its hydroclimate variated by 11 and 38% with precipitation and streamflow, respectively, from the mean value within the study time series.
Highlights
African Rainfall is characterized by significant variability in precipitation [1] leading to supply challenges for drinking and irrigation water
Essential water resource development with optimal utilization is vital for sustainable agriculture-related economic development [7]
Upper Awash is a river basin that crosses the Ethiopian plateau to the central rift, and it covers 11,402 km2
Summary
African Rainfall is characterized by significant variability in precipitation [1] leading to supply challenges for drinking and irrigation water. Societies benefit from a better understanding of natural and anthropogenic changes in rainfall [2]. The Hydroclimate of East Africa shows distinctive variabilities on seasonal to decadal timescale, meaning that changes from large-scale climate variability, including the El Nĩno Southern Oscillation (ENSO), Indian Ocean Dipole (IOD), and movement of the inter-tropical convergence zone (ITCZ) [3,4,5,6] directly influence the hydroclimate of Ethiopia and Awash basin . The country is considered to have abundant water resources potential, and further, some see it is an East African water town. It is facing floods and drought from poor water resource management with reluctant policy. The country has 12 basins, and the main rivers of these basins are transboundary waters, except for the Awash River and the Rift lakes [1,8,9,10]
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