Abstract
In the management of water resources, quality of water is just as important as its quantity. The main aim of this study has been to assess the variability of groundwater parameters to develop water quality of Tirupati area and its suitability for domestic and irrigation purpose. Further, the samples were analyzed for pH, EC, TDS, carbonates, bicarbonates, alkalinity, chlorides, sulfates, hardness, fluoride, calcium, magnesium, sodium, and potassium. Based on the analytical results, chemical indices like percent sodium, sodium absorption ratio (SAR), adjusted SAR, percent sodium (Na %), residual sodium carbonate (RSC) and permeability index (PI) have been calculated. Chadha rectangular diagram for geochemical classification and hydrochemical processes of groundwater indicated that most of waters are Ca–Mg–HCO3 and Ca–Mg–Cl types. Assessment of water samples from various methods indicated that majority of the water samples are suitable for domestic and irrigation purpose.
Highlights
Water, is going to be polluted day by day with increasing urbanization (Alshikh 2011)
A total of fifty groundwater samples from bore wells have been collected during post-monsoon season of 2012. pH and electrical conductivity of the water samples were measured in situ using portable water analysis kit (P-30 Series Hand-held Water Quality Meters for pH and conductivity—Analyticon Instruments Corporation, USA)
The concentrations of CO3 and HCO3 ions found in the groundwater samples of study area are ranged from 2 to 9 and 32 to 535 mg/l, respectively
Summary
Water, is going to be polluted day by day with increasing urbanization (Alshikh 2011). Less than 1 % of all the water on earth is fresh water that we can use (Gleick 1993). We use this small amount of water for drinking, transportation, heating and cooling, industry, and irrigation and many other purposes. The major hazard in drinking water supplies is due to contamination from agricultural runoff and improper storage and handling of water (WHO 2006; Saha et al 2006; Nagaraju et al 2006). The gradual depletion of groundwater resources is making communities switch to surface water and/or conjunctive use (Stephen et al 2013). Due to rapid urban-industrialization, extension of irrigation, domestic needs, groundwater demand has tremendously increased in the Tirupati area.
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