Hydro-geochemical autographs, attribute indicators and health threat evaluation of Fluoride and Ironic elements variability in ground water in Abuja North-central Nigeria

Abstract

Tap water from twenty-five houses using private water sources, in an area of ironic and fluoride mineralization (Abuja, Nigeria), was evaluated so to ascertain the extent of conformity with chemical clean water quality criterions, and how this is inspired through householder water treatment resolutions. The percentage of analyses surpassing water quality criteria were high, with 67% of tap water samples above one or more chemical criterions. The greatest exceedances for health-established criterions were iron (44%) and fluoride (40%). The concentration of iron in borehole water varied at different sites, between 0.01 mg/L and 2.95 mg/L with an average value of 1.02 mg/L while that of fluoride ranged from 0.47 mg/L to 1.84 mg/L with an average value of 1.28 mg/L. The Hierarchical cluster analysis revealed three common clusters in which the samples may be grouped. The carcinogenic threat was calculated with defined procedures by USEPA considering ingesting and dermal pathways. The CDI values for iron and fluoride varied from 6.80E-04 to 0.20 and 8.33E-02 to 0.12 for children, while adults’ index was 9.17E-04 to 1.56E-02 and 5.56E-02 to 1.44E-02, respectively. For Total Threat Index (TTI), adults and children are below 1.0 for both iron and fluoride in all the examined locations.