Hydraulics Facilitate Urban Forest Establishment by Informing Tree Dynamics under Drought

Abstract

Urban forests provide considerable ecosystem services for city dwellers, yet the function of forest species is increasingly challenged by urban drought. Understanding drought tolerance of urban forest species would facilitate vegetation conservation and establishment within urban ecosystems. Here, we report on the drought resistance of leaves for two exotic and three indigenous tree species common to the Jing-Jin-Ji metropolitan region (covering Beijing, Tianjin, and Hebei province) of north China. Xylem vulnerability to drought-induced embolism and leaf gas exchange, together with various morphological and anatomical traits that potentially relate to plant water use, were measured for pot-grown seedlings. In addition, seedlings were subjected to dry-down at two different drought intensities until death, and the tree mortality rate was recorded. We found that species differ markedly in xylem embolism resistance, with indigenous species showing more negative P50 (the water potential triggering 50% loss of xylem hydraulic conductivity), but less canopy leaf area at a given branch basal diameter, compared with exotic species. Furthermore, P50 well predicted tree mortality rate under protracted drought stress. Species characterized by more negative P50 also exhibited higher maximum leaf photosynthetic rates. In addition, leaf P50 was found to correlate with specific leaf area, while the hydraulic safety margin was related to sapwood density and the thickness of the leaf upper epidermis. Collectively, these results highlight the role of embolism resistance in dictating drought response and the promise of morphological traits as proxies of plant physiological drought resistance. Our findings contribute to understanding drought response for urban tree species and will guide the establishment and management of urban forests.