Abstract
Shale gas is a natural gas trapped in shale formation and is being actively developed in North America. Due to the low permeability of a shale gas reservoir in the range from 10−8 to 10−6 Darcy, horizontal drilling and multi-stage hydraulic fracturing are needed for its development. This paper presents a fast and reliable proxy model to forecast shale gas productions and an optimum hydraulic fracturing design for its development. The proxy model uses a robust regression scheme and can replace a commercial reservoir simulator. The proxy model proposed can determine the influence of impact factors on the production at each production time. The calculation speed of the proposed proxy model is about 1.4 million times faster than that of a reservoir simulator compared. The most economical hydraulic fracture design using the proxy model has a length of 168 m at each stage, which is determined by examining a large number of hydraulic fracturing designs considering economic feasibility.
Highlights
In the 2000s, since oil demands in China and India have increased and the oil price continues to rise, unconventional resources such as shale gas, shale oil, oil sand, tight gas, and coal bed methane have been actively developed
We developed a proxy model for the optimization of shale gas hydraulic fracture
We developed a proxy model for the optimization of shale gas hydraulic design
Summary
In the 2000s, since oil demands in China and India have increased and the oil price continues to rise, unconventional resources such as shale gas, shale oil, oil sand, tight gas, and coal bed methane have been actively developed. In the United States (US), the average production of shale gas in 2010 was 0.43 billion cubic meters per day (bcm/day). With continuous unconventional shale gas developments and technology innovation, it is increased by 3.5 times at 1.50 bcm/day in 2018. Due to low permeability of shale formation, there are many difficulties in its development. Shale gas is actively developed by horizontal drilling and hydraulic fracturing technologies in the US. The most important factor in shale gas development and production is the multi-stage hydraulic fracturing to overcome its low flow capacity
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