Hydraulic conductivity of natural clays permeated with simple liquid hydrocarbons

Abstract

The hydraulic conductivity, k, of clayey soils is strongly influenced by the physicochemical properties of permeating liquid hydrocarbons. Tests on natural Sarnia soils mixed with pure liquids at a void ratio of 0.8 yielded k values that increased from 5 × 10−9 to 1 × 10−4 cm/s as the dielectric constant of the permeant decreased from 80 to 2.Sequential permeation of compacted, water-wet samples (k ≈ 10−8 cm/s) showed no changes in hydraulic conductivity when permeated with water-insoluble hydrocarbons of low dielectric constant (benzene, cyclohexane, xylene). These hydrophobic liquids were forced through microchannels or macropores and displaced less than 10% of the pore water from samples at a void ratio of unity.Permeation with water-soluble alcohols resulted in extensive removal of the pore water and up to 10-fold increases in k. Subsequent permeation with liquid aromatics of very low dielectric constant resulted in 1000-fold increases in k with only 30% of the pore space occupied by the aromatics. Association liquids such as alcohol that are mutually soluble in water and the aromatics seem to be required to initiate huge increases in k over testing periods of short duration. Key words: hydraulic conductivity, liquid hydrocarbons, clay barriers, dielectric constant.