Hydration of lipoplexes commonly used in gene delivery: follow-up by laurdan fluorescence changes and quantification by differential scanning calorimetry

Abstract

Lipoplexes, which are formed spontaneously between cationic liposomes and negatively charged nucleic acids, are commonly used for gene and oligonucleotide delivery in vitro and in vivo. Being assemblies, lipoplexes can be characterized by various physicochemical parameters, including size distribution, shape, physical state (lamellar, hexagonal type II and/or other phases), sign and magnitude of electrical surface potential, and level of hydration at the lipid–DNA interface. Only after all these variables will be characterized for lipoplexes with a broad spectrum of lipid compositions and DNA/cationic lipid (L +) mole (or charge) ratios can their relevance to transfection efficiency be understood. Of all these physicochemical parameters, hydration is the most neglected, and therefore the focus of this study. Cationic liposomes composed of DOTAP without and with helper lipids (DOPC, DOPE, or cholesterol) or of DC-Chol/DOPE were complexed with pDNA (S16 human growth hormone) at various DNA −/L + charge ratios (0.1–3.2). (DOTAP= N-(1-(2,3-dioleoyloxy)propyl)- N,N,N-trimethylammonium chloride; DC-Chol=(3β-[ N-( N′, N′-dimethylaminoethane)-carbamoyl]-cholesterol; DOPC=1,2-dioleoyl- sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine; DOPE=1,2-dioleoyl- sn-glycero-3-phosphoethanolamine). The hydration levels of the different cationic liposomes and the DNA separately are compared with the hydration levels of the lipoplexes. Two independent approaches were applied to study hydration. First, we used a semi-quantitative approach of determining changes in the ‘generalized polarization’ (GP) of laurdan (6-dodecanoyl-2-dimethylaminonaphthalene). This method was recently used extensively and successfully to characterize changes of hydration at lipid–water interfaces. Laurdan excitation GP at 340 nm (GP 340) was found to be the most informative parameter in our studies, suggesting that changes in hydration upon lipoplex formation do not involve a major liquid-crystalline to gel transition. DC-Chol/DOPE liposomes were the ‘driest’ of all liposome compositions. Among DOTAP-based cationic liposomes, the order of the ‘driest’ to the ‘wettest’ composition is DOTAP/Cholesterol>DOTAP/DOPE>DOTAP/DOPC>DOTAP. The GP 340 of lipoplexes of all lipid compositions (except those based on DC-Chol/DOPE) was higher than the GP 340 of the cationic liposomes alone and increased with increasing DNA −/L + charge ratio, reaching a plateau at a charge ratio of 1.0, suggesting an increase in dehydration at the lipid–water interface with increasing DNA −/L + charge ratio. Confirmation was obtained from the second method, differential scanning calorimetry (DSC). DOTAP/DOPE lipoplexes with charge ratio 0.44 had 16.5% dehydration and with charge ratio 1.5, 46.4% dehydration. For DOTAP/Chol lipoplexes with these charge ratios, there was 17.9% and 49% dehydration, respectively. These data are in good agreement with the laurdan data described above. They suggest that the dehydration occurs during lipoplex formation and that this is a prerequisite for the intimate contact between cationic lipids and DNA.