Abstract
The formula that is traditionally used to determine the discharge from a fire hydrant during a fire is based on several assumptions that are violated in many cases. The most serious problem is that the head loss (hS) between the nearest tank or pumps is not negligible, as assumed, before the test hydrant is opened in a fire flow test. When hS) is large, and the drop in pressure during a fire flow test is small, the traditional formula for estimating fire flow can lead to results that are in error by as much as 50 percent. A formula is developed in this paper to accurately predict fire flow over a much wider range of pressures. Some approaches to get more accurate predictions near a pressure reducing valve are presented along with a discussion on using a water distribution system model to estimate fire flow.
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