Hybridization between Gulls (Larus glaucescens and L. occidentalis) in the Pacific Northwest

Abstract

Abstract Interbreeding between Glaucous-winged Gulls (Larus glaucescens) and Western Gulls (L. occidentalis) occurs extensively within a 180-km zone along the Washington coast, producing a high frequency of intermediate morphs in breeding populations. We conducted intensive studies on Destruction Island, Washington, in the midst of the zone of hybridization. There over half of the breeding birds were phenotypically intergrades between pure Glaucous-winged and Western gulls in characters of iris and eye-ring coloration, mantle shade, and wing tip pattern. Mating patterns of Destruction Island gulls were assortative, individuals pairing with mates similar to themselves. Pairs composed of pure Glaucous-winged or Western gulls hatched significantly fewer eggs than pairs containing at least one hybrid individual. The greater apparent reproductive success of the intergrades would seem to be countered by the assortative mating patterns, possibly providing conditions sufficient to maintain an equilibrium system containing both pure types as well as intergrades. These conditions are explored in a simulation model that considered immigration, density-dependent fecundity, pairing and reproduction, and mortality. A stable colony of mixed composition may be maintained by a regular but small influx of pure types into the colony.