Abstract
This study assesses a trade-off between mechanized treatment systems and natural treatment systems for wastewater treatment (WWT) and recycling approaches. Investigation on this trade-off is carried out using field data on operation and maintenance (O and M) costs and land requirements. It is then shown that none of them in solo are techno-economically viable and environmentally sustainable for WWT in urban areas in India. Hence, a paradigm shift in WWT in India is proposed to adopt hybrid treatment systems (HTSs) approach. HTSs involve treatment considering a combination of natural and mechanized treatment approaches. Adoption of HTSs will result in energy savings and environmental benefits and hence will help India to achieve various national and international commitments of WWT and recycling.
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