Abstract
Energy management (EM) has become very attractive in smart grid era for both industry and academia. EM in a power distribution system (PDS) can reduce the system losses, operational costs and emissions, and increases system’s reliability, voltage stability and efficiency. This article expands the PDS using different distributed energy resources (DERs) and observes their impacts on EM success, operational costs, system losses, and emissions. Moreover, the impacts of integrating reactive sources (RSs), energy storage systems (ESSs), and electric vehicles (EVs) on the system’s operational performance is investigated. An index is defined to measure the energy management success rate (EMSR) and several case studies are created for investigating variety of system expansion options individually and collectively. Furthermore, a new reliability index, namely reliability index success rate (RISR), is defined and sensitivity analysis are presented to investigate the DERs impacts on system’s voltage controllability and the defined reliability index. A new hybrid PSO-TS optimization algorithm is developed, and the well-known PG&E 69-bus distribution network is selected for the simulations. Several case studies presented in the paper provide a clear understanding of the impacts of integrating different resources on the EM as well as other operational aspects of a PDS. The results reveal that the system expansion using DERs with different capacities along with EM strategies could have significant impacts on PDS performance depending on the DERs types’ and capacities. Due to their availability and low operational costs, gas turbine further improves the performance indices comparing to the renewables that have uncertain availability and to diesel generators with their high operational costs.
Highlights
Electrical energy has become fundamental to quality of our lives
The overall system performance in terms of operational costs, system losses, and environmental emissions is evaluated during system expansion
A hybrid PSO and TS based optimization method has been applied in this research renamed as hybrid PSO-TS that is a more powerful heuristic-based algorithm in this high dimension optimization problem
Summary
Electrical energy has become fundamental to quality of our lives. The demand for electricity is increasing day by day and the need for expansion of power distribution systems is highly manifested to reduce the system losses, operational costs and emissions, and increase its reliability and efficiency [1], [2]. A comprehensive assessment of integrating DERs, RSs, ESSs and EVs individually and collectively in the PDS is performed and different operational performance aspects such as EMSR, operational costs, system losses, emissions, voltage controllability, and system’s reliability are investigated. For this purpose, the PG&E 69-bus PDS is selected as a test system and is expanded by integrating different DERs in their optimal locations for minimizing total system losses and operational costs together. The EMSR, operational costs, energy losses, and environmental emissions are assessed for the expanded PDS by different penetration levels of such DERs. the RSs, ESSs, and EVs are integrated in the system and their impact on operational performance is investigated.
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