Abstract
This paper presents three- and five-ports radio frequency (RF) hybrid power divider combiner (HPDC) designs with multiband characteristics operating at 2.4 GHz (ISM, IEEE 802.11b,g); 5.8 GHz (IEEE 802.11n, a and 802.11ac); and 6 GHz (IEEE 802.11ax) wireless standards for energy-efficient 5G-enabled passive Internet of Things (IoT) sensors; energy harvesting (E.H); passive radio frequency identification (RFID) tags; multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) antenna beamforming; and data communication applications spanning DC to the 6-GHz frequency range. The presented HPDC designs operate at a centre-design frequency of 3 GHz on a Rogers RO4350 substrate. The designed novel HPDC demonstrates a good match between the ports, high isolation between the output ports, and equal power distribution between the output ports. Furthermore, the obtained return and isolation losses are less than −10 dB for the Wi-Fi 6E standards. The reported findings hold an excellent promise for RF energy harvesting and utilisation, adaptive intelligent energy-efficient data communication, and seamless ubiquitous satellite-cellular convergence connectivity applications.
Highlights
The internet of things (IoT) ecosystem represents the third phase of the internet revolution that advances use case applications in smart homes, industrial automation, intelligent energy, connected car, smart city and wearables
The operation of HPGS mode is as follows: a) The R.F power is harvested from the surrounding environment; b) The PMU calculates the total amount of power received by the rectifying circuit; c) The harvested power is delivered to the connected electronic device according to voltage requirements; and d) The excess energy is stored in the ESD i.e., supercapacitors/ultracapacitors
The radio frequency (RF)-WEH circuit block consists of the following components: a) Dual tag antennas to harvest R.F power transmitted by the radio frequency identification (RFID) reader transceiver; b) A 3-port power combiner to combine the energy captured by the RFID tag transceiver antennas; and c) A PMU is linked with an impedance matching network and rectifying circuit
Summary
The internet of things (IoT) ecosystem represents the third phase of the internet revolution that advances use case applications in smart homes, industrial automation, intelligent energy, connected car, smart city and wearables. The users demand more energy-consuming features, including web browsing, emails, massive machine-to-machine (M2M) communication, gaming, video browsing and IoTs applications with extended battery life These expanding large-scale wireless network devices require enormous electrical power for multimode raw and processed data communication operations. The operation of HPGS mode is as follows: a) The R.F power is harvested from the surrounding environment; b) The PMU calculates the total amount of power received by the rectifying circuit; c) The harvested power is delivered to the connected electronic device according to voltage requirements; and d) The excess energy is stored in the ESD i.e., supercapacitors/ultracapacitors. The main contributions and/or novelties of the presented RF HPDC design include, but are not limited to, the dynamic fractional bandwidths for RF MIMO frontend applications; reduced RF subsystem frontend form factor; multiband/multiprotocol characteristics; adaptive low-power consumption operation; multiport capabilities for high open radio access network throughput; and simultaneous digitisedanalog transceiver frontend functionality
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