Hybrid monolith sorbent of polypyrrole-coated graphene oxide incorporated into a polyvinyl alcohol cryogel for extraction and enrichment of sulfonamides from water samples

Abstract

A hybrid monolith sorbent of polypyrrole-coated graphene oxide embedded in polyvinyl alcohol cryogel was prepared and used as an effective solid phase extraction sorbent for the determination of trace sulfonamides. The large surface areas with many adsorption sites of polypyrrole and graphene oxide facilitated the high adsorption of sulfonamides via hydrogen bonding, π-π and hydrophobic interactions. The high porosity of the polyvinyl alcohol cryogel helped to reduce the back pressure that occurs in a conventional packed solid phase extraction cartridge. The effecting parameters on the extraction efficiency including the type of sorbent, the polymerization time, desorption conditions, the sample pH, the sample volume, the sample flow rate, and ionic strength were investigated and optimized. Under the optimum conditions, the developed method provided a wide linear range from 0.20 to 100.0 μg L−1 for sulfadiazine, sulfathiazole and sulfamerazine; and from 0.10 to 100 μg L−1 for sulfamethazine, sulfamonomethoxine and sulfadimethoxine. The limits of detection were 0.20 μg L−1 for sulfadiazine, sulfathiazole and sulfamerazine; and 0.10 μg L−1 for sulfamethazine, sulfamonomethoxine and sulfadimethoxine. The developed hybrid monolith polypyrrole-coated graphene oxide embedded in the polyvinyl alcohol cryogel sorbent provided good recoveries in the range of 85.5–99.0% with RSDs of less than 5.0%. The sorbent offered a good reproducibility, was robust and can be reused at least 10 times. It was successfully applied for the extraction and enrichment of sulfonamides from normal and supplemented water samples.