Abstract
The purpose of this study was to demonstrate the novel technique of laser deposition of Fe-based powder under cryogenic conditions provided by a liquid nitrogen bath. Comparative clad layers were produced by conventional laser cladding at free cooling conditions in ambient air and by the developed process combining laser cladding and laser gas nitriding (hybrid) under cryogenic conditions. The influence of process parameters and cooling conditions on the geometry, microstructure, and hardness profiles of the clad layers was determined. The optical microscopy (OM), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), energy-dispersive spectrometer (EDS), and XRD test methods were used to determine the microstructure and phase composition. The results indicate that the proposed technique of forced cooling the substrate in a nitrogen bath during the laser deposition of Fe-based powder is advantageous because it provides favorable geometry of the clad, low dilution, a narrow heat-affected zone, a high hardness and uniform profile on the cross-sections, homogeneity, and refinement of the microstructure. The influence of the forced cooling on microstructure refinement was quantitatively determined by measuring the secondary dendrite arm spacing (SDAS). Additionally, highly dispersed nanometric-sized (200–360 nm) precipitations of complex carbides were identified in interdendritic regions.
Highlights
The laser beam as a heat source is widely used in different technologies of material processing and manufacturing, such surface treatment, coatings, or cutting and joining [1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8]
In order to determine the effect of the proposed novel technique of laser cladding of Fe-based comparative study of the clad layers produced at conventional laser cladding, and at the sopowder combined with nitriding and forced cooling the substrate at cryogenic conditions, the called “hybrid” cryogenic laser deposition, are presented below
The geometry of a single bead was comparative study of the clad layers produced at conventional laser cladding, and at the so-called determined on cross-sections by measuring the penetration depth, width, and height of a bead; the
Summary
The laser beam as a heat source is widely used in different technologies of material processing and manufacturing, such surface treatment, coatings, or cutting and joining [1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8]. Current trends to ensure the highest energy efficiency of machines and devices, including the durability and reliability of machine components and tools, force the search for new or improved materials, as well as for new methods of their manufacturing, to overcome the limitations of current technologies. For this reason, a growing tendency to develop
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