Abstract
The carcinogenesis process is associated with inflammation, which can be modified by diet. There is limited evidence regarding the inflammatory status and diet in association with breast cancer (BC). The aim of this study was to investigate the association of hybrid dietary-blood inflammatory profiles (HD-BIPs) with postmenopausal breast cancer occurrence. The case-control study was conducted among 420 women (230 controls, 190 primary BC cases) aged 40–79 years from north-eastern Poland. Blood levels of C-reactive protein (CRP), interleukin-6 (IL-6) and leukocyte count were marked in 129 postmenopausal women (82 controls, 47 cases). The 62-item food frequency questionnaire (FFQ-6) was used to the dietary data collection. Two HD-BIPs were found using the Principal Component Analysis (PCA). The “Pro-healthy/Neutral-inflammatory” profile was characterized by the frequent consumption of wholemeal cereals/coarse groats, legumes, vegetables, fruits, nuts/seeds and fish. The “Unhealthy/Pro-inflammatory” profile was characterized by the frequent consumption of red/processed meats, animal fats, sugar/honey/sweets, refined cereals/fine groats, and an increased concentration of CRP, IL-6 and granulocyte-to-lymphocyte ratio. The lower odds ratio (OR) of breast cancer was associated with the higher adherence to the “Pro-healthy/Neutral-inflammatory” profile (OR = 0.38; 95% Cl: 0.18–0.80; p < 0.01 for the higher level vs. lower level, crude model; OR for one-point score increment: 0.61; 95% Cl: 0.42–0.87; p < 0.01, adjusted model). The higher OR of breast cancer was associated with the higher adherence to the “Unhealthy/Pro-inflammatory” profile (OR = 3.07; 95%Cl: 1.27–7.44; p < 0.05 for the higher level v.s. lower level, adjusted model; OR for one-point score increment: 1.18; 95%Cl: 1.02–1.36; p < 0.05, adjusted model). This study revealed that the consumption of highly processed, high in sugar and animal fat foods should be avoided because this unhealthy diet was positively associated with postmenopausal breast cancer occurrence through its pro-inflammatory potential. Instead, the frequent consumption of low-processed plant foods and fish should be recommended since this pro-healthy diet was inversely associated with the cancer occurrence even though its anti-inflammatory potential has not been confirmed in this study sample.
Highlights
Breast cancer (BC) is the most commonly diagnosed cancer and the leading cause of cancer deaths in women worldwide [1]
The “Unhealthy/Pro-inflammatory” profile was positively loaded by the consumption frequency of: red and processed meats (r = 0.70), animal fats (r = 0.66), sugar, honey and sweets (r = 0.53) and refined cereals and fine groats (r = 0.30) as well as by the blood concentration of: C-reactive protein (r = 0.65), granulocyte-to-lymphocyte ratio (r = 0.52) and Interleukin-6 (r = 0.32; Figure 2)
This study revealed that the consumption of highly processed, high in sugar and animal fat foods should be avoided because this unhealthy diet was positively associated with postmenopausal breast cancer occurrence through its pro-inflammatory potential
Summary
Breast cancer (BC) is the most commonly diagnosed cancer and the leading cause of cancer deaths in women worldwide [1]. Nutrients 2020, 12, 3503 new cases of BC and 627,000 deaths of this cause worldwide, which accounted for 24.2% of all female cancer cases and 15.0% of all female cancer deaths [2]. In Poland, breast cancer is the most frequently diagnosed cancer and the second cause of death from cancer in women [3]. 17,142, including 5816 deaths, which accounted for 21.9% and 13.9% of all female cancer cases and deaths in Polish women, respectively [3]. It was estimated that approximately 80% of BC incidence is noted in postmenopausal women, with half of all BC cases being diagnosed between 50–69 aged [3]
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