Abstract
Lyapunov based control is used to test whether a dynamical system is asymptotically stable or not. The control strategy is based on linearization of system. A Lyapunov function is constructed to obtain a stabilizing feedback controller. This paper deals with Lyapunov based control of multiple input single output system for hybrid electric vehicles (HEVs). Generally, an electric vehicle has an energy management system (EMS), an inverter, a DC-DC converter and a traction motor for the operation of its wheels. The control action is applied on the DC-DC converter, which works side-by-side with the EMS of the electric vehicle. The input sources considered in this study are: photo-voltaic (PV) panel, fuel cell and high voltage lithium-ion (Li-ion) battery. PV cell and fuel cell are considered as the primary sources of energy and the battery is considered as the secondary source. The converter used is a DC-DC boost converter which is connected with all the three sources. The idea follows the basic HEV principle in which multiple sources are incorporated to satisfy the power demands of the vehicle, using a DC-DC converter and an inverter, to operate its traction motor. The target is to achieve necessary tracking of all input source currents and output voltage, and fulfill the power demand of the HEV under severe load transients. The operations of the DC-DC converter are divided into three stages, each representing a different combination of the input sources. The analysis and proof of the stability of the HEV system is done using the Lyapunov stability theory.The results are discussed in the conclusion.
Highlights
Renewable energy has been the center of attraction for past three decades
Commercial electric vehicles are using a hybrid of a renewable energy source with an internal combustion engine (ICE), but recently a more hybridized form of Hybrid Electric vehicles (HEVs) has taken place
It has been found that an electric vehicle which interconnects fuel cells (FCs) and battery, with or without any other kind of other source, is the most effective way to cater demand [5]
Summary
Renewable energy has been the center of attraction for past three decades. Nowadays, HEVs are being considered as a great tool for transportation, which can utilize the renewable energy, coming in from many different sources. Commercial electric vehicles are using a hybrid of a renewable energy source (such as a fuel cell or PV cell) with an internal combustion engine (ICE), but recently a more hybridized form of HEVs has taken place. Fuel cells are a good candidate for an HEV’s energy source, they don’t have fast standby operation i.e. they have a lesser power density than other electrical sources like battery or super capacitor [10]. In other terms, it means that PEMFC cannot provide sufficient energy during load transients.
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