Abstract
In order to support a massive number of resource-constrained Internet-of-Things (IoT) devices and machine-type devices, it is crucial to design a future beyond 5G/6G wireless networks in an energy-efficient manner while incorporating suitable network coverage expansion methodologies. To this end, this paper proposes a novel two-hop hybrid active-and-passive relaying scheme to facilitate simultaneous wireless information and power transfer (SWIPT) considering both time-switching (TS) and power-splitting (PS) receiver architectures, while dynamically modelling the involved dual-hop time-period (TP) metric. An optimization problem is formulated to jointly optimize the throughput, harvested energy, and transmit power of a SWIPT-enabled system with the proposed hybrid scheme. In this regard, we provide two distinct ways to obtain suitable solutions based on the Lagrange dual technique and Dinkelbach method assisted convex programming, respectively, where both the approaches yield an appreciable solution within polynomial computational time. The experimental results are obtained by directly solving the primal problem using a non-linear optimizer. Our numerical results in terms of weighted utility function show the superior performance of the proposed hybrid scheme over passive repeater-only and active relay-only schemes, while also depicting their individual performance benefits over the corresponding benchmark SWIPT systems with the fixed-TP.
Highlights
Generation Partnership Project (3GPP) for 5G is known as New Radio (NR), and the specification is subdivided into two frequency bands, frequency range-1 (FR1) and frequency range-2 (FR2) [4], each with different capabilities [5]
Three major concerns include: (i) Difficulty in providing continuous and uninterrupted power-supply to the RIS elements given their active nature; (ii) continuous switching methods to adapt the RIS elements according to the reflection needs, which require additional computational resources and energy; and (iii) management of thermal noise at the very small RIS elements becomes an issue, primarily due to continuous frictional operations and power supply
We present a comparative study among the hybrid active-and-passive (HAP), AR device-based Greencom network (AGN) and PGN
Summary
The world witnesses the introduction of a novel generation of wireless communications approximately every ten years. With the current speedy deployment of hardware for the fifth-generation (5G) of mobile wireless systems in 2021, we are at a juncture to anticipate what lies ahead for the constitution of the sixth generation (6G) mobile cellular systems [1]. The incoming crucial updates to the hardware equipment for 5G may require dense infrastructure deployment [2]. It will become important to leverage the 5G architecture for internet-of-things (IoT) systems, along with the introduction of some methods to increase the coverage area as well as considering energy harvesting (EH) frameworks while embracing the concept of Green Communications (Greencom)-IoT systems
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