Abstract
Hyaluronic acid (HA) is a natural polymer, produced endogenously by the human body, which has unique physicochemical and biological properties, exhibiting desirable biocompatibility and biodegradability. Therefore, it has been widely studied for possible applications in the area of inflammatory diseases. Although exogenous HA has been described as unable to restore or replace the properties and activities of endogenous HA, it can still provide satisfactory pain relief. This review aims to discuss the advances that have been achieved in the treatment of inflammatory diseases using hyaluronic acid as a key ingredient, essentially focusing on studies carried out between the years 2017 and 2021.
Highlights
Hyaluronic acid (HA) is a natural, unbranched polymer that belongs to a group of glycosaminoglycan heteropolysaccharides (GAGs), which are the main components of the extracellular matrix (ECM) [1,2]
The results show that the levels of cytokines and chemokines, as well as oxidative damage, were reduced in the presence of FidHycarn when compared to the administration of CARN, HA, or the mixture of CARN and HA
HA has an excellent potential for a wide range of applications, which comprise much more than the facial treatments with which it is typically associated
Summary
Hyaluronic acid (HA) is a natural, unbranched polymer that belongs to a group of glycosaminoglycan heteropolysaccharides (GAGs), which are the main components of the extracellular matrix (ECM) [1,2]. It is a molecule with a simple chemical structure (Figure 1), of a polar (hydrophilic) nature, composed of repeated disaccharide units of. The literature reports some works, namely, the reviews by Fallacarra et al [1] and Litwiniuk et al [2], where the structural and biological properties of HA are reported and where medical, pharmaceutical, and cosmetic applications are used, including the role of HA in inflammation and tissue regeneration. This review, in addition to surveying the physicochemical and biological properties (biosynthesis, degradation, hydration, mechanism of action, interaction with membrane receptors, etc.) intends to show the wide potential of HA in therapy for inflammatory diseases, approaching topics including its benefits in pathologies of the joints, intestines, lungs, heart, etc
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