Abstract
This study aimed to understand the distribution of pharmaceutical and personal care products in sludges of three wastwater treatment plants (WWTPs), focusing on four kinds of target chemical compounds which are alkylphenol (nonylphenol (NP)), antibacterial agent (triclosan(TCS)), UV filter (Benzophenone-3 (BP-3)) and over-the-counter (Caffeine (CAF)). These four compounds went through pressure-assisted ozonation with different parameter in three WWTPs sites and were investigated their removal efficiency of activated sludge and dewatered sludge. The results shown that among three WWTPs, the detection rate of four target compounds up to 100%. Especially, the activated sludge sample detection rate of NP is the highest in WWTP A and the concentration is up to 17.19 ± 4.10 mg/kg, the dewatered sludge in WWTP B, the concentration of TCS is 13.29 ± 6.36 mg/kg, and the the highest TCS detectable concentration in WWTP C in dewatered sludge is 4.74 ± 5.59 mg/kg. Through the comparisons of different pressure-assisted ozonation parameter, the removal efficiency of NP and TCS is up to 70% and BP-3 is 90% using 150 psi pressure, 40 cycles, 5 min of ozonation reacting, ratio of soil to water is 1 to 20 and 2% of ozonation concentration. In addition, the potential ecological risk evaluation was completed with by the risk quotient (RQ) calculation which is the ratio of median effect concentration (LC50) and peak chemical concentration. Overall, the calculated RQ greater than ten for NP, TCS and BP-3 which caused greater ecological risk to the aquatic organisms.There are no significantly different when using the H. azteca organism toxicity to test ozonation before and after treatment in sludge. Therefore, it is suggested to extend the days to conduct organism toxicity for further study. The high detection frequency of target compounds shows that WWTPs still has high concentration of PPCPs after treatment, which cannot be ignored when disposal route of sludge is discussed in the future.
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