Abstract
Hwangryunhaedok-tang (HRT) is a traditional oriental herbal formula used in Asian countries for treating inflammatory diseases and controlling fever. Our present study aimed to determine whether HRT has therapeutic effects for patients with vascular dementia (VaD) using a bilateral common carotid artery occlusion (BCCAO) rat model and assessing spatial memory impairment and activation of neuroinflammation. BCCAO was performed in male Sprague Dawley rats to induce VaD, and oral HRT was administered daily for 30 d. Our data showed that HRT ameliorated BCCAO-induced memory and cognitive impairment in behavioral tests. In addition, HRT reversed cholinergic dysfunction and neuronal damage in the hippocampus of BCCAO rats. Furthermore, HRT attenuated microglial activation and reduced the phosphorylation of p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase and c-Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK) induced by BCCAO. Simultaneous high-performance liquid chromatography analysis of HRT using index compounds from the herbal composition revealed that both HRT ethanol extract and commercial HRT granules primarily comprise geniposide, baicalin, and berberine. Our study showed that HRT administration resulted in the prevention of neuronal injury induced by BCCAO through improvement of cholinergic dysfunction and inhibition of neuroinflammatory responses, suggesting that HRT may have potential as a treatment for VaD.
Highlights
Hwangryunhaedok-tang (HRT) in Korea, called Hwanglianjiedu-tang in China and Orengedokuto in Japan, is a traditional herbal formula comprising four medicinal herbs in a 1:1:1:1 ratio: PhellodendriCortex, Scutellariae Radix, Coptidis Rhizoma, and Gardeniae Fructus
EHRT, CHRT-2, or extract of Ginkgo biloba (EGB) administration resulted in dramatic increases in the number of surviving cells in the hippocampal subfields compared with numbers observed in the bilateral common carotid artery occlusion (BCCAO) group
Vascular dementia (VaD) is the second most common type of dementia caused by blocking blood flow to the brain tissue
Summary
Hwangryunhaedok-tang (HRT) in Korea, called Hwanglianjiedu-tang in China and Orengedokuto in Japan, is a traditional herbal formula comprising four medicinal herbs in a 1:1:1:1 ratio: Phellodendri. 22 of hypoperfusion is known to be a major cause of VaD, leading to cognitive impairment. Interestingly, several groups reported a cholinergic deficit in the cerebrospinal fluid and brain that several groups reported a cholinergic deficit in the cerebrospinal fluid and brain that may be associated may be associated with the pathogenesis of VaD [10,11,12]. Cholinergic drugs such as with the pathogenesis of VaD [10,11,12]. Acetylcholinesterase (AChE) inhibitors are suggested as promising therapies for VaD [13]. In this study, investigated the therapeutic effects of HRT on VaD using a bilateral common carotid artery occlusion we investigated the therapeutic effects of HRT on VaD using a bilateral common carotid artery occlusion (BCCAO) rat model by assessing spatial memory impairment and activation of neuroinflammation
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